Hydrogen Sulfide New Gaseous Signaling Molecule in the...

Introduction: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the latest molecule added to the gasotransmitter group after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Great attention has been given to H2S in the last few years with regards to its production, metabolism, physiological functions and clearance. H2S constitutes a sound example of science’s evolution based on research and development; since H2S has been named as a toxic gas since its discovery in 1713, and only in the late 80’s of the past century scientist and researchers were capable to determine quantities of endogenous H2S in animals brain [1-3]. Yet recent; number of fundamental investigations were able to illustrate the physiochemical properties of the H2S as a reducing agent and nucleophile, which affords its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Another essential field of research addressed cytoprotective properties of H2S based on its antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative actions, in addition to ion ch annels regulatory processes, and ultimately, its usefulness as a potential treatment for several cardiovascular disorders through H2S releasing substances, formally named H2S donors [6]. The most studied H2S donors in cardiovascular field is Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), while Sodium sulfide (Na2S), is another H2S donor has been implicated more in anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidants research field. Similar to (NO); H2S in mammalians produced endogenously by endothelial cells to respond of various

Antisocial Personality Disorder- Ted Bundy - 2585 Words

Ted Bundy is known to be the worst serial killer in U.S. History. In the 1970s, Ted raped and murdered women in at least five different states. Bundy eventually confessed to thirty murders, although the actual total remains unknown. Theodore Robert Bundy was born on November 24th, 1946 in Burlington, Vermont to Eleanor Louise Cowell, a 22 year old single woman. Teds mom never told him much about his father other than that he was in the armed forces and that they never were really together. Bundy had a difficult childhood and was pretty much an wanted by his mother. After being left in foster care for two months, Eleanor decided to have her parents raise Ted and make him and everyone believe that they were his adopted parents and†¦show more content†¦He also found that his dad was listed on there, named Lloyd Marshall. Bundy waited until the fall to resume his studies at the University of Washington where he excelled greatly than before. He ended up in honors classes and became engaged in local politics, where he transcended in. Ted Bundy graduated from Washington with a degree in psychology. In the summer of 1973 Ted got accepted into the University of Utah Law School. Everything still going smoothly for Bundy and seemed to be headed for abundant things. No one will ever really know what happened to set Ted Bundy off, but around 1973 he began raping and murdering women at a surprising rate. No one really knows exactly when and how many woman he had murdered but he was a prime suspect in many unsolved murders. Kathy Devine was last seen getting into a green pick-up on November 25, 1973, which was later found that Ted Bundy had the same green pick-up at the time. Fifteen year old Divines decomposed remains were found on December 6 with her jeans cut open in between her legs. Her throat was cut and the investigators concluded that she was murdered right after she disappeared and there were no leads or evidence to bring someone to justice for the acts they have committed on this poor girl. In early 1974, two girls with similar acts of crimes against them were committed in less than a month time span. They were reported to have been beaten over the head and had a metal rod stuck upShow MoreRelatedCase Study Analysis of Ted Bundy1041 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Ted Bundy Introduction A personality disorder can be described as an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that is extremely inflexible, deviates markedly from the expectations of a persons culture, and causes personal distress or behavioral impairment (Bernstein, Nietzel, McCauley Foust, 1997). Such patterns of problems in the personality of an individual can be traced to adolescence or even childhood. People who have been diagnosed with personality disorders demonstrateRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Sociopathy And Psychopathy Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesAntisocial personality disorder is a condition as to where the person that has the disorder tends to be manipulative, deceitful, reckless or malicious. Antisocial personality disorder, a lot like other personality disorders, is often put on a spectrum. Which in turn means that the disorder can often range in severity. The variables can range from committing small or insignificant acts of bad behavior, to potentially harming others and committing large scale crimes. For reference, psychopathy isRead MoreCase Study: Ted Bundy Essay2279 Words   |  10 Pages Theodore Robert Bundy was born Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1949.His mother, Louise Cowell was unmarried at the time, and the name of his biological father has never been determined with certainty, however Lloyd Marshall was named on his birth certificate. Louise moved into her parent’s home shortly after Ted’s birth and allowed him to be raised as her ‘brother’ for quite some time. When Ted’s mother married Johnnie Culpepper Bundy in May 1951 in Tacoma, Washington, when Theodore was fourRead MoreWhy Ted Is Not The Only Place Where Ted2 053 Words   |  9 Pages His work was not the only place where Ted was considered unreliable. When Theodore transferred from University of Tacoma to the University of Washington he met and fell in love with Stephanie Brooks. At first in this relationship all was well, â€Å"But Stephanie was pragmatic. It was wonderful to be in love, to have a college romance, to stroll through the wooded paths of the campus hand-in-hand†¦but she sensed that Ted was floundering, that he had no real plans, no real prospects for the future† (RuleRead MoreThe Psychological Theory Of Ted Bundy776 Words   |  4 Pages Based on the general idea of Ted Bundy’s background, psychological theory can be applied to his cases of murdering. Psychological theories focus on human’s mind and behavior and the assumption is problems are rooted in unconscious mind and symptoms are manifestations of hidden disturbances or conflicts. According to his childhood circumstances, Ted Bundy’s childhood trauma and abuse played an important role in his serial murders. His father disappeared before he was born and his whole startedRead MoreCharacteristics And Characteristics Of A Personality Disorder1460 Words   |  6 Pagesfinancial swindlers, rapists, terrorists and serial murderers. Most of them all have something in common, they suffer from psychopathy or some form of mental illness or disorder. Our textbook states the â€Å"the term psychopathy â€Å"refers to a very specific and distinctive type of psychopathology†-a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and a lack of feelings, especially empathy for or sensitivity to others . There are some biological characteristics such as traumatic events or abuse thatRead MoreMental Disorders And Personality Disorder1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe brain, specifically the mind, is the structure of all things personality and there are no set boundaries that it falls in. But what happens when there s a glitch, causing people to not understand human ethics? There are certain mental disorders that can be linked to serial criminality, such as antisocal personality disorder and borderline personality which are exhibited in notorious killers Ted Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer. Ted Bundy is perhaps a household name. His crimes were so horrendous and largeRead MoreTheodore Bundy : Serial Killer2158 Words   |  9 PagesTheodore Bundy is a serial killer well known for his rape, kidnapping, assault, strangulation, decapitation, and necrophilia of young women. His murders span from 1974 to 1978 taking over thirty victims across seven states. Ted Bundy led two lives: one as a law student and volunteer counselor in a rape victim clinic, and the other as a murderer of more than thirty women. Bundy had a chameleonic style that presented a unique form of mental flexibility that certain predatory psychopaths possessRead MoreTheodore Bundy : The Characteristics Of Sociopaths1346 Words   |  6 Pages The term sociopath refers to an individual who exhibits behaviors that are outside of societys norms and expectations. Sociopaths is a person with a personality disorder manifesting itself in extreme antisocial attitudes and behavior and a lack of conscience. Theodore Bundy (born Theodore Robert Cowell; November 24, 1946 - January 24, 1989) was an american serial killer, kidnapper, rapist, burgular, and necrophile who assualted and murdered numerous young womenRead MoreJohn Wayne Gacy And Charles Manson Essay797 Words   |  4 Pages Ted Bundy, John Wayne Gacy, Jeffrey Dahmer, Gary Leon Ridgeway and Charles Manson. These are some of the most infamous names in the history of murder, but they hid in plain sight, and Manson did not even commit murder. He was so manipulative he could convince others to do his bidding for him. How is that even possible? Surely one would be able to recognize someone who is such a dangerous threat or would they? One of the reasons these killers can be so successful is their ability to blend into

Children of Heaven Review Free Essays

Children of Heaven This movie made me very thankful for everything I have in my life, including my shoes. I found it sad that All could not Just speak up for himself. If All would have asked the man working the grocery store about the shoes, then he might not go to all the trouble in the first place. We will write a custom essay sample on Children of Heaven Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now I found it sad that the children had to work, and never got to play. The quality of life for this family bothered me deeply, and it made me blessed for the childhood that I had. The kids in this movie worked almost as servants to the adults, maintained pristine manors, and showed great perseverance. I noticed most of the adults in the movie were very strict, stern, and seemed like they were not afraid to beat a child. All made some of the highest grades in his class despite his hardships, he was a responsible kid. I Just don’t understand why he did not speak up about the shoes to his teacher, principle, or coach. It was sad to see kids having to stick together, and share a pair of shoes to prevent one of them from getting a beating. All’s sister should have asked the other girl wearing her shoes, where she got them. The girl may have Just given them to her in exchange for the en, or when she received her new shoes. This movie was one hardship after another, heartbreaking for me to watch. It makes me want to donate shoes for children who may not have any at all. It was sad to see people In the movie live In lavish mansion, and then compare It to All’s home. All’s dad was paid very good for his gardening work, this money would be a precious asset to his family. When the man at the mosque gave All’s dad the tools, this showed how the Islamic community supported the others In need. Overall It seemed Like a rough situation to me. How to cite Children of Heaven Review, Papers

Epidemiology and Control of Communicable Diseases

Question: Discuss about the Epidemiology and Control of Communicable Diseases. Answer: Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus can live on skin for the longer period and they also prefer to live in warmest, darkest place such as the nose. Mostly nasal colonization takes place and host respond to this by expression of anti-microbial peptides and cytokines. In this condition both the patients are described as colonized (4). In IV drug user, injection drug is one of the major sources of HIV infection as people can get HIV from sharing drug preparation or injecting equipments. Shared needle is basically the main cause of infection because as it contains contaminated blood of infected persons and peripheral blood, lymphoid tissue and bone marrow is the main reservoir for infection. IV drug users take injected drugs that are introduced into the bloodstream using needle and syringe. HIV infected blood can get into blood stream at the time of preparation of drug using blood contaminated syringes, reusing bottles to dissolve drugs into water and reusing cottons to filter out things that block the needles (9). Immunogenicity is indirectly related to transmissibility in an endemic area. Immunogenicity is the ability of the human body immune system to induce adaptive and humoral cell immune response in response to entry of an antigen. It is a means to check transmissibility of infection by provoking an immune action against the infection. It leads to immunologic memory. Therapeutic agents like proteins leads to hypersensitive reaction and formation of antibodies against the protein. The level of immune status and genetic factor has impact on immunogenicity. Thus immunogenicity is a factor that indirectly minimizes the transmissibility of disease or infection (8). Infectious agents such as protozoa, bacterium or virus changes surface proteins in order to evade immune response of host. This kind of antigenic variation in an organism is a mechanism to target specific host, repeatedly infect single host and quickly transmit to host cells. It is a response by organism to fight against immunogenicity of host cells. It is an approach to immune evasion by pathogen and reinfecting host as antigen is not recognized by immune system. It also has an impact on the duration of parasite infection within a host cell. Antigenic variation provides host cell with immune memory (6). Polio epidemic was first encountered in the nineteenth century. At that time all children were exposed with the polio virus and protected by maternal antibodies. With change in times and improved environmental hygiene and sanitation, age at which people are diagnosed with polio significantly increased. Children encountered the virus at an increased age compared to previous polio cases in children and they were no longer protected by maternal antibody (3). Before development in sanitation, children became exposed to the virus but exposure provided them with permanent immunity to the virus. But with modern ideas in hygiene, children are not exposed the virus in infancy and they do not develop natural immunity against it. The ultimate result is that severe symptoms of disease began to be seen. Now there are relatively fewer cases in young children and increase in number of young adults affected by it (2). If a person contracts polio infection, symptoms appear within 5-35 days. The subclinical infection of polio is associated with headache, fever vomiting and sore throat while clinical infection affects the central nervous system. Symptoms of clinical infection include back pain, skin rash, fever, difficulty in breathing, muscle spasm, etc. 90% of polio infection is subclinical type of infection. Polio infection aggravates due to environmental sources of infection like contaminated water, food, flies and poor sanitation. With the improvement in environmental sanitation and hygiene, enteric infection will get delayed and it will reduce the clinical: subclinical ratio of polio cases in endemic area (11). Hepatitis A virus infection is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water, food or direct contact with infectious person. In order to give advice to Community Aid abroad to prevent infection, it will be necessary know about overseas environmental factors like availability of safe water, food safety procedures and level of sanitation and hygiene in the country. Countries with poor sanitary condition and hygiene practice have been found to have more number of cases of Hepatitis A infection (6). In CAA workers it is necessary to know about their sanitary habits, their living conditions and the kind of foods they consume. It is important because often people living lesser developed areas have more chance of infection. Poor and low quality food also has chance of Hepatitis A infection, so knowing this factors about CAA workers will be necessary. Gonorrhea is caused by gram negative agent diplococcus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, rectum area, cervix, urethra and bloodstream. The bacterium does not survive in the environment and prefers CO2 environment, so urogenital site is the main site for infection. Neiserria gonnorrhoeae is a fragile organism and sensitive environmental factors like temperature change, UV light exposure and drying (7). Sexually active men and women are at high risk of acquiring this kind of infection and transmitting the disease. Vertical transmission also occurs by transfer from mother to child during birth. Once the Neisseria gonorrhoeae enters the mucous membrane of urogenital tracts, they utlize their surface pili to anchor at the infection site and target non-ciliated epithelial cells, The pili prevents the phagocytosis of neutrophils and digests IgA on the surface of urethra and cervix. This is done by IgA protease within the pili and helps in attachment of bacteria to these surfaces. This adherence allows transmission of organism inside the fallopian tube and initiates the mechanism of infection. The gonococci replicates after adherence to non-ciliated cells where they are exocytosed into subepithelial cells and inflammations and other symptoms occur. Socioenvironemtal factors like practices of sex and use of safe practices also affects the transmission of the disease (8). Gonorrhea and Chlamydia can be prevented or treated with antibiotic given to patients orally or by injection. Antibiotic treatment disrupts the chain of transmission of bacterium and prevents the infection from getting worse. Generally combination of dual antibiotics like cephalosporin and azithromycin is used to improve efficacy of treatment. Ciprofloxacin also used in treating sexually transmitted disease (5). Other methods for controlling infections include using antiviral medication or dug combination therapy. The methods for prevention will include health education to provide information about sexual health and interventions to promote sexual health The recent sharp increase of gonorrhea from 1400 per 100,000 population in 1999 to 2225 in per 100,000 population in 2009 indicate a possible decline in safe sex practice which increase the gonorrhea transmission. The other factor is the decreased sensitivity of N. gonorrhoea to antimicrobial drugs (10). Culture and sensitivity Positive Negative Total Urinary PCR Positive 750 150 900 Negative 50 9050 9100 800 9200 10000 Sensitivity Specificity Positive predictive value Negative predictive value Culture and sensitivity 8% 7.5% 93.75% 98.36% Urinary PCR 9% 7.5% 83.33% 100% The symptoms of gonorrhea are mostly asymptomatic in both men and women. As gonnorhea is asymptomatic, screening is critical for identification and prevention of upper genital tract infection and preventing all forns of transmission. The gonnorhea surveillance will involve widespread routine genital screening to assess risk for infection among women. Women are at more risk due to multiple sex partners, inconsistent condom use and HIV infection associated with sexual activity. Pharyngeal screening is also essential for identification of those women who were missed with traditional genital tract screening (4). Due to asymptomatic characteristics of the disease, widespread screening is essential to identify people who are at risk of the disease. Specific testing for gonorrhea because of apparent notification rate in males and females. Yes, this is also the case for indigenous community because they have limited access to sexual health service and so surveillance will be of utmost importance HIV is an example for sensitive case definition because the disease is widespread and it is necessary to have a sensitive case definition. Tuberculosis because it requires standard case definition and controlling disease because treatment protocols are not well-defined. References: Andric B, Drowos J, Trepka MJ, Suciu G, Alonso A, Hennekens CH. High frequencies of negative pretreatment results following presumptive antibiotic treatment for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Southern medical journal. 2013 May;106(5):321-6. Closser S, Cox K, Parris TM, Landis RM, Justice J, Gopinath R, Maes K, Amaha HB, Mohammed IZ, Dukku AM, Omidian PA. The impact of polio eradication on routine immunization and primary health care: a mixed-methods study. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014 Apr 1:jit232. Polio and Sanitation: Inside Vaccines [Internet]. Insidevaccines.com. 2010 [cited 21 September 2016]. Available from: https://insidevaccines.com/wordpress/2010/07/01/polio-and-sanitation/ Danielsson-Tham ML. Staphylococcal Food Poisoning. Food Associated Pathogens. 2013 Sep 25:250. (1.1) Fagan PS, Downing SG, McCall BJ, Carroll HJ, Howard TM, Palmer CM. Enhanced surveillance for gonorrhoea in two diverse settings in Queensland in the 2000s: comparative epidemiology and selected management outcomes This paper analyses enhanced surveillance data for gonorrhoea from an urban and a remote region of Queensland during the 2000s. It describes the diverse epidemiology of this condition in these two populations and details management challenges and outcomes. Page last updated: 21 February 2014. (3.5a)Frank S. Benefits of Antigenic Variation. Princeton University Press [Internet]. 2002 [cited 19 September 2016];. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2405/ Hlady RA, Tiedemann RL, Puszyk W, Zendejas I, Roberts LR, Choi JH, Liu C, Robertson KD. Epigenetic signatures of alcohol abuse and hepatitis infection during human hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget. 2014 Oct 15;5(19):9425. (2.2) Pathogenic Neisseriae: gonorrhea and meningitis [Internet]. Textbookofbacteriology.net. 2016 [cited 21 September 2016]. Available from: https://textbookofbacteriology.net/neisseria.html Leone PA, Hynes NA, McGovern BH. Epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. UpToDate.[Online][Cited: February 18, 2014.] https://www. uptodate. com/contents/epidemiologypathogenesis-and-clinical-manifestations-of-neisseria-gonorrhoeae-infection. 2013. (3.1) Metcalf CJ, Ferrari M, Graham AL, Grenfell BT. Understanding Herd Immunity. Trends in immunology. 2015 Dec 31;36(12):753-5. (1.4) Westergaard RP, Hess T, Astemborski J, Mehta SH, Kirk GD. Longitudinal changes in engagement in care and viral suppression for HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS (London, England). 2013 Oct 23;27(16):2559. (1.2) On AY, Sungur U. Patients with post-polio syndrome are more likely to have subclinical involvement as compared to polio survivors without new symptoms. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology. 2016 Jan;19(1):44.